Catherine the Great

Catherine the Great - Queen of Spades
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♠ Queen of Spades Spades Deck
Cardstock Linen Blue Core
Format Bridge (57 × 89 mm)
Suits French-suited cards
Finish Linen Finish

Catherine II

Russia  ·  German  ·  1729 – 1796

She was not Russian. She was not even supposed to rule. Born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, the daughter of a minor German prince, she was sent to Russia at fourteen to marry the heir to the throne. She learned the language, converted to the Orthodox faith, took the name Catherine, and quietly read everything she could find: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot. She was preparing, even then. History would call her Catherine the Great.

Her husband, Peter III, turned out to be erratic, openly scornful of Russia and deeply unpopular with the army. Six months into his reign, Catherine moved. In the summer of 1762, backed by the imperial guard, she seized the throne. Peter abdicated and was dead within days, in circumstances that were never fully explained. Catherine was proclaimed Empress of All Russia. She was 33.

“I praise loudly. I blame softly.”

Attributed to Catherine the Great

What followed were 34 years of relentless ambition. She added more than half a million square kilometres to her empire, annexing Crimea and taking a vast share of Poland. She founded cities and schools, including the Smolny Institute, Russia’s first state school for girls. She bought art on such a scale that her private collection became the Hermitage. And she corresponded with the greatest minds of the Enlightenment, turning Russia into a power Europe could no longer ignore.

She was also a contradiction. She wrote about liberty and equality, yet serfdom spread further under her rule than ever before. When the Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev led a massive peasant uprising in 1773, claiming to be her dead husband, she crushed it without mercy. The ideals she championed on paper bent easily when her power was at stake.

She died in 1796, still on the throne. No abdication, no coup, no exile. Thirty-four years: the longest reign of any woman in Russian history.

Imperatritsa Russian for “empress”. Since Peter the Great, Russia’s rulers used the Western title of emperor alongside the old title of tsar. Enlightened despot A ruler who embraced Enlightenment ideas of reason and reform, but kept absolute power firmly in their own hands. Art collector In 1764 she bought her first great collection of paintings. Her private gallery grew into the Hermitage, today one of the largest museums in the world.
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Timeline

1729 Born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst in Stettin, Prussia
1744 Arrives in Russia aged fourteen. Converts to the Orthodox faith and takes the name Yekaterina, Catherine
1745 Marries the future Peter III at sixteen. The marriage is unhappy from the start
1754 Gives birth to Paul, the heir. Rumours at court whisper that his real father is her lover, Sergei Saltykov
1762 Seizes the throne in a coup. Peter dies days later at Ropsha, officially of “colic”
1764 Buys a collection of over 200 paintings, the start of the Hermitage. Founds the Smolny Institute for girls
1767 Writes the Nakaz, a set of instructions for a new law code inspired by Montesquieu. So radical it is banned in France
1773–75 Pugachev’s Rebellion, the largest peasant uprising in Russian history, is crushed
1783 Annexes Crimea after two wars with the Ottoman Empire
1787 Tours the new southern lands with her favourite, Grigory Potemkin. The legend of fake “Potemkin villages” is born, though historians consider it largely exaggerated
1772–95 With Prussia and Austria, divides Poland in three partitions. Poland disappears from the map
1796 Dies in Saint Petersburg after a stroke, still empress

Dates follow the Gregorian calendar

✦ Did you know?

In 1765, the French philosopher Denis Diderot needed money for his daughter’s dowry and decided to sell his library. Catherine bought it, then told him to keep it. She paid him a salary to look after his own books as her librarian, and later paid him fifty years of wages in advance.

When Voltaire died in 1778, she bought his library too: nearly seven thousand books, many filled with his handwritten notes. It still stands in Saint Petersburg today.

She arrived with a new name. She left an empire.

A minor German princess who outmanoeuvred a court, a husband and half of Europe. Now Catherine II takes her seat as the Queen of Spades in our limited edition Spades Deck, illustrated exclusively for this release.

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Catharina II voorkant
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